KANT-
Existence precedes essence. Consciousness is not proof of existence. Consciousness just is, it doesn’t cause anything and isn’t caused by anything. You cannot stand outside of consciousness. This is the rejections of DESCARTES’ Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am), consciousness is not individual, there is no “I”, so Descartes theory makes no sense.
Existence precedes essence. Consciousness is not proof of existence. Consciousness just is, it doesn’t cause anything and isn’t caused by anything. You cannot stand outside of consciousness. This is the rejections of DESCARTES’ Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am), consciousness is not individual, there is no “I”, so Descartes theory makes no sense.
HUSSERL-
Consciousness comes in 2 kinds:
1)Physical (colours + smells)
2)Mental ( thoughts with content)
At first tried to link maths with psychology, but this didn’t work and received a lot of criticism. E.g. FREGE criticised it stating maths is a public concept but mental events are private so maths can’t be based within the mind.
Logic cannot be derived from psychology; psychology is the home of philosophy. Science and Logic require factual enquiry.
Mental Phenomena have Intentionality; thoughts are directed to objects. Content and processor are both essential for thought. “I think of a cat” the cat is the content and I am the processor.
Consciousness comes in 2 kinds:
1)Physical (colours + smells)
2)Mental ( thoughts with content)
At first tried to link maths with psychology, but this didn’t work and received a lot of criticism. E.g. FREGE criticised it stating maths is a public concept but mental events are private so maths can’t be based within the mind.
Logic cannot be derived from psychology; psychology is the home of philosophy. Science and Logic require factual enquiry.
Mental Phenomena have Intentionality; thoughts are directed to objects. Content and processor are both essential for thought. “I think of a cat” the cat is the content and I am the processor.
Husserl then took this further to draw a distinction between
psychology and epistemology through a practice called “phenomenology”.
Phenomenology= To study consciousness in a purely logical way, no metaphysics.
Whether you’re thinking about a real thing or a fantasy it doesn’t matter as your intentionality is the same.
We can only speculate about the external world.
Imminent perception= immediate acquaintance with my own thoughts (basis of phenomenology)
Transcendent perception= perception of my past thoughts and other people’s minds.
Phenomenology= To study consciousness in a purely logical way, no metaphysics.
Whether you’re thinking about a real thing or a fantasy it doesn’t matter as your intentionality is the same.
We can only speculate about the external world.
Imminent perception= immediate acquaintance with my own thoughts (basis of phenomenology)
Transcendent perception= perception of my past thoughts and other people’s minds.
Only consciousness has
absolute being, everything else depends on consciousness for their existence.
HEIDEGGER-
Phenomenology is too half hearted. The terms used to describe it e.g. “content” weren’t found in consciousness but were just taken from earlier philosophy. Heidegger wanted to re-invent the philosophical vocabulary so we could discuss the term “being” without worrying about what it used to mean in previous philosophical examples.
Phenomenology is too half hearted. The terms used to describe it e.g. “content” weren’t found in consciousness but were just taken from earlier philosophy. Heidegger wanted to re-invent the philosophical vocabulary so we could discuss the term “being” without worrying about what it used to mean in previous philosophical examples.
Dasein = Being in
the world.
Thinking is only one way of engaging with the world, acting on it is just as important. Dasein is not about thinking, it is about caring and is purely instinctive. It is relative to the person ad can be entirely ungrounded or even dependant on mood. It involves complete absorption within a task. Dasein is the unfolding of a life, your potential is just as important as your achievements.
Reflection on past= guilt
Reflection on future = dread
Only when you completely care and are absorbed by the task at hand do you have Dasein.
“Authenticity relies on complete absorption within a task”. You should aim towards the “authentic life”
Thinking is only one way of engaging with the world, acting on it is just as important. Dasein is not about thinking, it is about caring and is purely instinctive. It is relative to the person ad can be entirely ungrounded or even dependant on mood. It involves complete absorption within a task. Dasein is the unfolding of a life, your potential is just as important as your achievements.
Reflection on past= guilt
Reflection on future = dread
Only when you completely care and are absorbed by the task at hand do you have Dasein.
“Authenticity relies on complete absorption within a task”. You should aim towards the “authentic life”
Through his use of Dasein he became the father of existentialism.
Existentialism= we are not just members of a species bound by universal law, we are what we take ourselves to be.
This can be scary and can result in unthinking conformity, but to do so is a betrayal of your Dasein.
Existence is boredom, “the problem of being”. The opposite of boredom is Dasein. Within infinite time there would be infinite boredom.
Existentialism= we are not just members of a species bound by universal law, we are what we take ourselves to be.
This can be scary and can result in unthinking conformity, but to do so is a betrayal of your Dasein.
Existence is boredom, “the problem of being”. The opposite of boredom is Dasein. Within infinite time there would be infinite boredom.
It is all about choice.
SATRE-
Also thought that Husserl had not taken phenomenology far enough. Husserl had accepted the Cartesian Ego, but Satre says there is no thing. The “self” belongs to the transcendent world, when I do something I do not think of myself, it’s only upon reflection that I become the object.
Also thought that Husserl had not taken phenomenology far enough. Husserl had accepted the Cartesian Ego, but Satre says there is no thing. The “self” belongs to the transcendent world, when I do something I do not think of myself, it’s only upon reflection that I become the object.
Being underlies all the different things we encounter in consciousness
– we sort things in order of what interests us and what will be of use to us.
We are the only beings for which our being comes before our essence. E.g. an oak tree has a life plan and cannot deviate from this plan, it has no choice. But we do have this choice, it’s up to you what kind of person you want to be. Human life is not pre-determined, but this choice can be scary! So we try to hide from it by trying to adopt some pre-determined role given to use by society or religion. But Satre says that doing this is bad faith! You must embrace the freedom.
We are the only beings for which our being comes before our essence. E.g. an oak tree has a life plan and cannot deviate from this plan, it has no choice. But we do have this choice, it’s up to you what kind of person you want to be. Human life is not pre-determined, but this choice can be scary! So we try to hide from it by trying to adopt some pre-determined role given to use by society or religion. But Satre says that doing this is bad faith! You must embrace the freedom.
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